Entre os Vestígios Históricos do Direito Internacional Público e a Urgência Contemporânea na Proteção dos Povos Indígenas: A Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos e a Construção da Efetividade de Suas Decisões no Tecido Político-Jurídico Latino-America
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29327/2141058.9.1-7Palavras-chave:
Inter-American Court of Human Rights, indigenous peoples, Public International Law, enforcement of rulings, Latin America.Resumo
Resumo: Este estudo examina a interação entre os povos indígenas e o Direito Internacional Público, com especial atenção à atuação da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos (Corte IDH) na promoção e proteção dos direitos indígenas na América Latina. O trabalho realiza uma análise aprofundada de casos emblemáticos, como os dos povos Xukuru, Saramaka e Awas Tingni, para ilustrar as complexidades e os desafios que envolvem a implementação das sentenças da Corte IDH pelos Estados. Além de avaliar os obstáculos institucionais e políticos que dificultam o cumprimento dessas decisões, a pesquisa também discute as tensões entre as obrigações internacionais e a aplicação das normas no âmbito nacional. Com base nesses estudos de caso, o trabalho propõe recomendações para o fortalecimento dos mecanismos de supervisão da Corte IDH e sugere novas abordagens para garantir a eficácia das sentenças, contribuindo para o avanço dos direitos humanos dos povos indígenas.
Referências
Åhrén, Mattias. Indigenous Peoples' Status in the International Legal System. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.
Alter, Karen. The New Terrain of International Law: Courts, Politics, Rights. United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 2014.
Anaya, James. Indigenous Peoples in International Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
Anaya, S. James, and Claudio Grossman. "The Case of Awas Tingni v. Nicaragua: A Step in the International Law of Indigenous Peoples." Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law 19, no. 1 (2002): 1–15.
Anzola, Sergio, Beatriz Sánchez, and René Uruña. "Después del Fallo: El Cumplimiento de las Decisiones del Sistema Interamericano de Derechos Humanos. Una Propuesta de Metodología." In Derechos Humanos y Políticas Públicas: Manual, edited by L. Burgorgue-Larsen, 121–167. Barcelona: Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2014.
Asamblea Nacional de Nicaragua. Texto de la Constitución Política de la República de Nicaragua con sus Reformas Incorporadas. La Gaceta, Diario Oficial, 2014. Accessed April 17, 2024. https://www.refworld.org/docid/56af15694.html.
Baluarte, David, and Christian Vos. From Judgment to Justice: Implementing International and Regional Human Rights Decisions. United States: Open Society Foundations, 2010.
Bastos, Celso Ribeiro, and Samantha Ribeiro Meyer-Pflug. Curso de Direito Constitucional. São Paulo: Malheiros Editores, 2010.
Bastos, Fernando Loureiro. "A Internet e a Promoção do Direito Internacional: Elementos para um Guia de Investigação Jusinternacional." In Estudos em Honra do Professor Doutor José de Oliveira Ascensão, vol. 2, 1689–1746. Coimbra: Almedina, 2008.
Borges, Thiago Carvalho. "O Monitoramento e Fiscalização do Cumprimento das Sentenças da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos e a Relação Heterárquica entre o Direito Internacional e o Direito Brasileiro." Revista de Direito Internacional 19, no. 1 (2022): 319–335.
Brazil. Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988. Presidência da República, Casa Civil, Subchefia para Assuntos Jurídicos, 1988. Accessed March 20, 2024. https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/constituicao/constituicao.htm.
Brazil. Lei n.º 6.001, de 19 de dezembro de 1973. Dispõe sobre o Estatuto do Índio. Presidência da República, Casa Civil, Subchefia para Assuntos Jurídicos, 1973. Accessed March 20, 2024. https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/l6001.htm.
Brazil. Ministério dos Direitos Humanos. Diário Oficial da União, no. 173, Section 1, 80, September 6, 2018. Accessed March 8, 2024. https://www.in.gov.br/web/dou/-/pagina-80-do-diario-oficial-da-uniao-secao-1-numero-173-de-06-09-2018-imprensa-nacional.
Buppert, Theresa, and Adrienne McKeehan. Guidelines for Applying Free, Prior and Informed Consent: A Manual for Conservation International. Arlington, VA: Conservation International, 2013. Accessed June 30, 2024. https://www.conservation.org/docs/default-source/publication-pdfs/ci_fpic-guidelines-english.pdf.
Burgorgue-Larsen, Laurence, and Amaya Ubeda de Torres. The Inter-American Court of Human Rights: Case Law and Commentary. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2011.
Cárdenas, Edurne, and Daniel Cerqueira. Desafíos del Sistema Interamericano de Derechos Humanos: Nuevos Tiempos, Viejos Retos. Colombia: Dejusticia, 2015.
Conselho Indigenista Missionário. Carta da IV Assembleia Geral do Povo Xukuru do Ororubá. 2004. Accessed June 18, 2024. https://cimi.org.br/2004/06/21690/.
Conselho Nacional de Justiça. Painel de Monitoramento das Decisões da Corte IDH em Relação ao Brasil, Caso Povo Indígena Xukuru e seus Membros v. Brasil, 2024. Accessed May 29, 2024. https://app.powerbi.com/view?r=eyJrIjoiMzhhM2FiMGYtYTBlOC00MGZiLWFiN2ItZTM4NWQ1NDFmOTJjIiwidCI6ImFkOTE5MGU2LWM0NWQtNDYwMC1iYzVjLWVjYTU1NGNjZjQ5NyIsImMiOjJ9.
Crăciunean, Laura-Maria. "Cultural Rights and a Right to Cultural Identity Before the European Court of Human Rights: Present Approaches and Future Challenges." In Towards a Universal Justice? Putting International Courts and Jurisdictions Into Perspective., Netherlands: Brill, 2016.
Domínguez, Lara, and Colin Luoma. "Decolonising Conservation Policy: How Colonial Land and Conservation Ideologies Persist and Perpetuate Indigenous Injustices at the Expense of the Environment." Land 9, no. 3 (2020): 65. Accessed June 7, 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9030065.
Dulitzky, Ariel. "The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights." In Victims Unsilenced: The Inter-American Human Rights System and Transitional Justice in Latin America, 129–150. Washington, D.C.: Due Process of Law Foundation, 2007.
Duprat, Deborah. "A Convenção 169 da OIT e o Direito à Consulta Prévia, Livre e Informada." Revista Culturas Jurídicas 1, no. 1 (2014): 51–72. Accessed June 26, 2024. https://doi.org/10.22409/rcj.v1i1.54.
Enyew, Endalew Lijalem. Indigenous Peoples, Marine Space and Resources, and International Law: The Interaction Between International Human Rights Law and the Law of the Sea. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis, 2024.
Fuchs, Marie-Christine. "The Changing Role and Reception of International Law in Domestic Constitutional Law: Some Thoughts about Latin America and Europe." In Constitutionalism: Old Dilemmas, New Insights, edited by Alejandro Linares Cantillo, Camilo Valdivieso-León, and Santiago García-Jaramillo, 425–442. Oxford: Oxford Academic, 2021. Accessed August 28, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192896759.003.0020.
Gonzalez-Ocantos, Ezequiel, and Wayne Sandholtz. "Constructing a Regional Human Rights Legal Order: The Inter-American Court, National Courts, and Judicial Dialogue, 1988–2014." International Journal of Constitutional Law 19, no. 5 (December 2021): 1559–1596. Accessed December 5, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1093/icon/moab094.
González-Salzberg, Damián. "Complying (Partially) with the Compulsory Judgments of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights." In Law and Policy in Latin America: Transforming Courts, Institutions, and Rights, 39–51. United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017.
Grossman, Claudio, et al. "Reparations in the Inter-American System: A Comparative Approach Conference." American University Law Review 56, no. 6 (2007): 1375–1468.
Hillebrecht, Courtney. Domestic Politics and International Human Rights Tribunals: The Problem of Compliance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
Höelz, Yanahê Fendeler, and Alysson Amorim Mendes Silveira. "Pelo Direito de Ser Ouvido: Reflexões a Partir do Caso Saramaka versus Suriname." Revista de Sociologia, Antropologia e Cultura Jurídica 2, no. 1 (2016): 452–469. Accessed June 27, 2024. https://doi.org/10.26668/IndexLawJournals/2526-0251/2016.v2i1.374.
Huneeus, Alexandra. "Courts Resisting Courts: Lessons from the Inter-American Court’s Struggle to Enforce Human Rights." Cornell International Law Journal 44, no. 3, art. 2 (2011): 494–533. Accessed June 26, 2024. https://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cilj/vol44/iss3/2.
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. Report No. 44/15, Case 12.728: Merits Report, Xucuru Indigenous People, Brazil. Organization of American States, 2015. Accessed October 3, 2023. http://www.oas.org/es/cidh/decisiones/corte/2016/12728FondoPt.pdf.
Inter-American Court of Human Rights. Case of Caballero-Delgado and Santana v. Colombia: Judgment of December 8, 1995 (Merits), 1995. Accessed March 7, 2024. https://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_22_ing.pdf.
Inter-American Court of Human Rights. Case of the Mayagna (Sumo) Awas Tingni Community v. Nicaragua: Judgment of August 31, 2001 (Merits, Reparations and Costs), 2001. Accessed June 29, 2024. https://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_79_ing.pdf.
Inter-American Court of Human Rights. Case of the Saramaka People v. Suriname: Judgment of November 28, 2007 (Preliminary Objections, Merits, Reparations and Costs), 2007. Accessed April 2, 2024. https://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_172_por.pdf.
Inter-American Court of Human Rights. Case of the Xukuru Indigenous People and Its Members v. Brazil: Judgment of February 5, 2018 (Preliminary Objections, Merits, Reparations and Costs), 2018. Accessed June 29, 2024. https://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_346_por.pdf.
Inter-American Court of Human Rights. Resolución de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos de 14 de mayo de 2019, Caso Comunidad Indígena Yakye Axa v. Paraguay, Supervisión de Cumplimiento de Sentencia, 2019. Accessed June 12, 2024. https://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/supervisiones/yakye_axa_14_05_19.pdf.
Inter-American Court of Human Rights. Resolución de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos: Caso del Pueblo Saramaka v. Suriname. Supervisión de Cumplimiento de Sentencia. September 26, 2018. Accessed June 5, 2024. https://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/supervisiones/saramaka_26_09_18.pdf.
Inter-American Court of Human Rights. Resolución de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos: Caso de la Comunidad Mayagna (Sumo) Awas Tingni v. Nicaragua. Supervisión de Cumplimiento de Sentencia. April 3, 2009. Accessed June 7, 2024. https://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/supervisiones/mayagna_03_04_09.pdf.
Inter-American Court of Human Rights. Restrictions to the Death Penalty. Advisory Opinion OC-3/83 of September 8, 1983. Accessed April 15, 2024. https://live.com/seriea_03_esp.doc.
Inter-American Court of Human Rights. Rules of Procedure of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (approved in the LXXXV Regular Session), November 16–28, 2009. Accessed June 18, 2024. https://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/reglamento/reglamento_esp.pdf.
International Labour Organization (ILO). Convention 169 on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries, 1989. Accessed December 14, 2023. http://portal.iphan.gov.br/uploads/ckfinder/arquivos/Convencao_169_OIT.pdf.
Krsticevic, Viviana, and Liliana Tojo. Implementación de las Decisiones del Sistema Interamericano de Derechos Humanos: Jurisprudencia, Normativa y Experiencias Nacionales. 1st ed. Buenos Aires: Center for Justice and International Law – CEJIL, 2007.
Lobo, Luiz Felipe Bruno. Direito Indigenista Brasileiro: Subsídios à Sua Doutrina. Brasil: Editora LTr, 1996.
Ludlow, Francis, Lauren Baker, Samara Brock, Chris Hebdon, and Michael R. Dove. "The Double Binds of Indigeneity and Indigenous Resistance." Humanities 5, no. 3 (2016): 53. Accessed January 16, 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/h5030053.
Mesquita, Maria José Rangel de. Justiça Internacional: Lições. Parte I, Introdução. Lisboa: AAFDL, 2010.
Neihart, Bryan. "Awas Tingni v. Nicaragua Reconsidered: Grounding Indigenous Peoples' Land Rights in Religious Freedom." Denver Journal of International Law and Policy 42 (2013): 77–99.
Neuman, Gerald L. "Import, Export, and Regional Consent in the Inter-American Court of Human Rights." European Journal of International Law 19, no. 1 (February 2008): 101–123. Accessed December 5, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chn002.
Organization of American States. American Convention on Human Rights, 1969. Accessed April 15, 2024. https://www.cidh.oas.org/basicos/portugues/c.convencao_americana.htm.
Organization of American States. Statute of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (approved by resolution AG/RES. 448 (IX-O/79)). General Assembly of the OAS, Ninth Regular Session, La Paz, Bolivia, 1979. Accessed June 18, 2024. https://www.oas.org/dil/port/estatutodaCorteIDH.pdf.
Parra-Vera, Oscar. "Institutional Empowerment and Progressive Policy Reforms: The Impact of the Inter-American Human Rights System on Intra-State Conflicts." In The Inter-American Human Rights System, edited by P. Engstrom, 143–166. Studies of the Americas. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019. Accessed June 27, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89459-1_6.
Pasqualucci, Jo M. The Practice and Procedure of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
Perez, Edward Jesús. "La Supervisión del Cumplimiento de Sentencias por Parte de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos y Algunos Aportes para Jurisdicciones Nacionales." Anuario de Derecho Constitucional Latinoamericano XXIV (2018). Accessed June 11, 2024. https://www.corteidh.or.cr/tablas/r39253.pdf.
Phillips, Freedom-Kai. "Intellectual Property Rights in Traditional Knowledge: Enabler of Sustainable Development." Utrecht Journal of International and European Law 32, no. 83 (2016): 1–18. Accessed June 27, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5334/ujiel.283.
Piovesan, Flávia. Direitos Humanos e Justiça Internacional: Um Estudo Comparativo dos Sistemas Regionais Europeu, Interamericano e Africano. 9th ed. São Paulo: Saraiva, 2019.
Saavedra, Pablo. "A Broader Look at the Transformative Impact of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights' Decisions." In The Impact of the Inter-American Human Rights System: Transformations on the Ground, edited by Armin von Bogdandy et al., 537–563. New York: Oxford Academic, 2024. Accessed June 27, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197744161.003.0028.
Schabas, William, and Shannonbrooke Murphy, eds. Research Handbook on International Courts and Tribunals. United Kingdom: Edward Elgar Publishing, Incorporated, 2017.
Silva, José Afonso da. Curso de Direito Constitucional Positivo. 39th ed. São Paulo: Malheiros Editores, 2016.
Staton, Jeffrey K., and Alexia Romero. "Rational Remedies: The Role of Opinion Clarity in the Inter-American Human Rights System." International Studies Quarterly 63, no. 3 (September 2019): 1–43. Accessed June 27, 2024. https://scholarblogs.emory.edu/jeffreystaton/files/2019/10/Rational-Remedies.pdf.
Tauli-Corpuz, Victoria. "Conflict, Peace and the Human Rights of Indigenous Peoples." In Indigenous Peoples' Rights and Unreported Struggles: Conflict and Peace, 1–19. New York: Institute for the Study of Human Rights, Columbia University, 2017. Accessed June 27, 2024. https://doi.org/10.7916/D82R5095.
Torelly, Marcelo. "Transnational Legal Process and Fundamental Rights in Latin America: How Does the Inter-American Human Rights System Reshape Domestic Constitutional Rights?" In Law and Policy in Latin America: Transforming Courts, Institutions, and Rights, edited by Pedro Fortes et al., 21–38. Palgrave Macmillan, 2017.
Trindade, Antônio Augusto Cançado. El Ejercicio de la Función Judicial Internacional: Memorias de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos. Brasil: Del Rey, 2018.
Trindade, Antônio Augusto Cançado. Tratado de Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos. Vol. 1. Brasil: Sergio Antonio Fabris Editor, 2003.
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Mondiacult 2022: Final Declaration [Declaração Final Mondiacult 2022], 2022. Accessed February 20, 2024. https://www.unesco.org/sites/default/files/medias/fichiers/2022/10/6.MONDIACULT_EN_DRAFT%20FINAL%20DECLARATION_FINAL_1.pdf.
United Nations. Study of the Problem of Discrimination Against Indigenous Populations. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1986/7/Add.4, 1986. Accessed February 20, 2024. https://www.docip.org/en/our-library/martinez-cobo-study/.
United Nations. United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 2008. Accessed June 16, 2024. https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/wp-content/uploads/sites/19/2019/01/UNDRIP_E_web.pdf.
United Nations. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969. Accessed March 7, 2024. https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/1_1_1969.pdf.
Vannuccini, Sabrina. "Member States' Compliance with the Inter-American Court of Human Rights' Judgments and Orders Requiring Non-Pecuniary Reparations." Inter-American and European Human Rights Journal 7, no. 1 (2014): 225–244.
Von Bogdandy, Armin, and René Uruña. "International Transformative Constitutionalism in Latin America." American Journal of International Law 114, no. 3 (2020): 403–442. Accessed June 27, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2020.27.
Wiessner, Siegfried. "The Cultural Rights of Indigenous Peoples: Achievements and Continuing Challenges." European Journal of International Law 22, no. 1 (February 2011): 121–140. Accessed June 27, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chr007.
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2025 Jus Scriptum's International Journal of Law
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
